Category Archives: Broadening and Building Positive Emotion in Schools

Reflection: Key to Moral Growth

~by David N. Shearon, JD, MAPP

A new study by the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California reinforces the need to help students learn to reflect and practice reflection so they can eye-the-compassion-by-carffigure out the kind of persons they want to be and focus on becoming those persons.

Researchers used brain imaging to watch the activation of different areas of the brain as subjects read compelling, real-life stories designed  to induce either admiration for virtue or skill or compassion for physical or social pain.  The brain images revealed that it took longer for the subjects to react to stories of virtue or of social pain than to stories of physical pain.  However, once awakened, the emotions of admiration for virtue or compassion for social pain lasted much longer.  No wonder the folk saying for comapssion is “walk a mile in their shoes” not walk two steps!

The researchers speculate on the impact of quick-changing media such as television news, but there’s no speculation about the impact of the positive emotions of admiration and compassion.  Consistent with other research, this study found that these emotions launched the subjects on upward spirals.  One of the researchers noted that many expressed a desire to lead better lives and some even refused the customary  payment for participation. 

Part of positive education is helping adults, teenagers, and children learn to be mindful, including awareness and acceptance of their emotional reactions as information about the world around them.  Resilience training, for example, includes learning when and how to listen to our “inner commentator.”  This learned habit of keeping a light touch on thoughts and feelings can bloom into a habit of reflection that allows us to fully experience our emotions, including the positive ones.  Further, positive education provides tools for choosing our pathways forward from our current thoughts and feelings, thus promoting hope, autonomy, and competence — key components of the good life!

Image: “Eye the compassion” by carf 

What is the top thing we can do to improve schools?

What are the ways in?

In 2007, McKinsey published a report titled How The World’s Best Performing School Systems Come Out on Top. In the report, McKinsey looks at the top performing schools in the world, and concludes that three things differentiate the best:

1. Teacher quality

2. Teacher development

3. Ensuring that the system can deliver the best possible instruction to every child 

So, what is the #1 Top Action We Can Take?

Knowing these McKinsey results, what is the strongest lever?  What is the biggest bang for the buck?  There may be evidence that teacher development can change schools with the most impact for the most ease.  For example, Geelong Grammar School in Australia has focused on Positive Education, including as part of that the Positive Education Training Conference for teachers.

What if schools running professional development workshops – for teachers and administrators and a learning series for  students and parents – could make those strides to grow the beauty of schools and prevent possible pain to individuals?  What if these seminars were based on the research findings of positive psychology – and to include the whole system?

What if the alien form Mars could report this:

Children are enjoying some type of information.  They are smiling.  The adults are smiling.  There is a bidirectional construction of knowledge.  Everyone is learning.  Everyone is eager to return each day.

Author’s Note: If you’re reading this and thinking, “Yes! That’s what we need,” consider contacting me and my colleagues at Flourishing Schools to come and deliver workshops for your local school (or learning organization of any kind). You never know how just one phone call on your part could positively influence an entire system or community . . .

Portions of this originally published by Louis Alloro on Positive Psychology News Daily.

Building a Foundation For Well-Being: A Systematic Strengths-Based Approach

j0401036.jpgThe Culver Academies –-rigorous co-educational, college-preparatory boarding schools in Indiana – are committed to integrating a systemic strengths-based approach to broadening and building character strengths and positive emotions in its academic, athletic, wellness, leadership, arts, and spiritual life programs. Providing the best “whole person” education available to its 780 high school students is accomplished through the tireless efforts of a dedicated instructional faculty and support staff that help guide students as they chart their course through adolescence to adulthood. 

With a strong commitment from Culver’s administration and its Board of Trustees, the school has ventured into a multi-year process that gradually instructs and informs students, faculty, staff, administration and parents with sustainable positive psychology strategies. To borrow the title of Robert Quinn’s book on leadership, Building the Bridge As You Walk On It; our “soft-sell” approach helps neutralize the traditional tension between process and performance by building high quality connections that bring out the best in students, faculty, staff and administrators. 

Faculty Training 

Over the past two summers, over one-half of the school’s 110 faculty members have participated in a three-day intensive seminar entitled “Building Strengths and Positive Emotions.” This program has been co-facilitated by John Yeager, Culver’s Director of the Center for Character Excellence, with Sherri Fisher and Dave Shearon.  

Faculty participants have learned

q      ways to broaden and build position emotion in themselves and their students;

q      strategies they can use with their strengths to become more optimistic and resilient; and

q      relationship-building approaches for building high quality connections at school.  

Faculty participants have identified

q      their own and student “signature” strengths, such as hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, responsibility and perseverance and

q      developed strategies to foster a strengths-based approach in the classroom, living unit, visual and performing arts and athletic arenas in the areas of motivation, optimism, resilience and savoring.  

By learning about character strengths and ways to build and apply them, teachers can be guided to acknowledge, own, and apply their own strengths, to value their authentic selves, and to increase both their collective and self-efficacy. This information is very valuable to faculty members who can then also have a better snapshot of individual, peer and student strengths. This is very helpful in working with groups of students in all phases of school life. As one faculty participant so aptly put it, “I now think differently about how I teach.” 

Faculty Performance Review 

Currently, the Culver Academies are developing a strengths-based annual performance review (APR) for faculty. Traditionally, faculty performance evaluation has been akin to “chewing tin foil.” By instead capitalizing on faculty members’ sense of meaning and purpose in what they do at Culver, and explicitly addressing the “engagement” component of their work, faculty and administration can have a more productive discussion about areas of strengths and challenges.  

The process is approached from a “malleable” or “growth” mindset where department chairs (the middle manager evaluators)

q      capitalize on faculty areas of proficiency – through process and product praise; and

q      identify and healthfully respond to patterns of faculty adversity. 

Student Strengths and Academic, Leadership and Wellness/Athletic Programs 

Embedded in Culver’s formal leadership program, student leaders are starting to frame discussions and behavior from a strengths-based perspective by participating in an “appreciative inquiry” process. Also, they are now discussing the power of positive emotions and explanatory styles to better know themselves and others in the quest of building high-quality connections. 

Culver’s progressive and sequential four-year wellness education program provides students with an opportunity to cultivate their optimism and resilience in the areas of 

q      nutrition

q      sleep

q      physical activity and

q      stress management.  

Through the mentorship of some of their coaches, student-athletes compare and contrast their strengths as part of the team-building process.

After being habitually exposed to a strengths-based approach, Culver’s rising seniors are better prepared to  

q      declare their strengths in their college essays and

q      carry those strengths to college and beyond. 

Integrating the principles of positive psychology is helping Culver flourish by focusing on identifying, broadening, and building the unique strengths of the faculty, staff, students, and administrators. We want all Culver stakeholders to be meaning makers and culture keepers by making positive psychology sustainable in all aspects of school life.

Measuring, Appreciating, and Building Character

Positive psychology offers schools values assessment without the negatives of value judgments. All people have strengths and, like intelligences and talents, they are present in different degrees in all individuals across social groups.  Identified strengths can be defined as those qualities which contribute to the fulfillment of an individual and help that individual operate positively and effectively in society.  

According to Martin E.P. Seligman and Christopher Peterson in Character Strengths and Virtues, strengths can be seen in examples of best behaviors, and they are valued by society and nurtured in individuals who display them. This cross-cultural consensus is an important aspect of positive psychology and offers a broad application for individuals without regard for the specific social setting in which they operate.  

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How can learning communities agree on what constitutes the good of a person? Is it their academic skills? Community service projects? Athletic performance? And how do we identify the good of a teacher? Is it by teacher effectiveness scores? High-stakes testing outcomes? Availability to students before and after school?  Positive psychology has set out to identify the traits that are generally accepted across all literate cultures as the elements of values in action, to assess those elements in individuals, and to assist individuals in developing their strengths and virtues.  What’s more, learning to use these strengths in new ways in everyday life has been found to increase happiness.  Happiness likely causes success, and that is what we want in school—Success!

The VIA Signature Strengths Survey (VIA-IS) is a 240-item psychometrically validated test which identifies one’s strengths of character: values in action.  It is based on research of human strengths and virtues covering over 3000 years of the shared values of literate cultures world-wide. From this research 24 ubiquitous strengths of character have been identified which fit into one of six virtue categories. A person who takes the VIA is ranked on all 24 character strengths, for example appreciation of beauty and excellence, bravery, citizenship, gratitude, leadership self-regulation, and fairness.   

As a means of evaluating personal strengths as they add up to the traits of character, the VIA assesses what we value culturally, translated into what we value about ourselves. While all of the character strengths are present in everyone, the top five are the strengths that the person endorses as their main means of positively interacting with society.  

Teachers, taking the VIA-IS, as well as students, taking the VIA-Youth, can find this to be particularly useful as they define themselves.  This provides an avenue for positive goal setting, is inherently strengths-based and focuses on both teachers and students being themselves, at their best, in ways they might otherwise not have otherwise considered.  Using one’s strengths increases engagement, and provides a strengths vocabulary common to all, too.  

It is almost inevitable that without empirically-informed ethics, such as those assessed by the VIA, definitions of the good of a person will be informed by personal opinion.  Because the VIA uses a consensual classification of strengths and virtues, present in each individual, it avoids introducing a deficit model that defines some individuals as having good character and others as being without the elements of good character.   

Positive psychology can provide clarity in defining the good of a person.  The VIA can assess the signature strengths of individuals’ character, and positive psychology training can help to strengthen and further develop the strengths and virtues.  Thus begins a wonderfully positive cycle of well-being and success.